Autoimmune Epilepsy Outcomes Depend Heavily on Antibody Type
TEHRAN (Tasnim) – Immune dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a cause of drug-resistant epilepsy but how or why the immune system attacks nerve cells -- and the consequences on seizure control -- are not well understood.
Two studies presented at the American Epilepsy Society's (AES) 69th Annual Meeting explore how different types of autoimmune response elicit markedly different responses in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.
A study by researchers from the University of Toronto and Western University (abstract 3.153) offers evidence that not all autoimmune epilepsies are equal, at least in terms of prognosis and response to treatment.
Previous studies have shown that antibodies against intracellular proteins are associated with a worse prognosis and poorer response to immunotherapy than antibodies against cell surface proteins. To explore other differences that might exist in these two groups, the authors examined clinical and EEG data from nine patients with autoimmune epilepsy. Three of the patients had antibodies targeting the intracellular Ma2 protein, while six patients had antibodies against the cell surface LGI1 protein.
Their analysis reveals that all of the anti-Ma2 patients had visited the intensive care unit at some point during their illness and all had experienced status epilepticus -- when seizures last too long or occur too closely together --while the same was true for only one patient with LGI1. While epilepsy was the primary concern of patients with LGI1, those with anti-Ma2 tended to experience additional neurological issues such as narcolepsy or behavioral changes. Cancerous tumors were detected in two of the three anti-Ma2 patients but none of the LGI1 patients. Both groups had poorly controlled epilepsy despite taking multi-drug regimens, and anti-Ma2 patients responded less to immunotherapy than did LGI1 patients.
"Overall, patients with anti-Ma2 antibodies exhibited a more malignant course compared to patients with LGI1 antibodies. Seizures were uncontrolled by anticonvulsant drugs in the majority of LGI1 patients and all anti-Ma2 patients, but responded to immunotherapy in a greater proportion of LGI1 patients than anti-Ma2 patients" says author Claude Steriade, MDCM, a neurology resident at the University of Toronto.
A second study (abstract 2.320) suggests that some patients with autoimmune epilepsy may benefit from brain surgery, and that antibody type does not appear to influence surgery outcomes.
A team led by researchers from Hospital Clinic in Barcelona, Spain, conducted a retrospective, multi-center study to assess the outcomes of 11 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy and immune dysfunction who underwent brain surgery. Before surgery, a variety of autoimmune antibodies were identified in each of the patients (including two patients with antiMa2 antibodies, 5 with antiGAD, 1 with antiHu, 2 with antiVGKC, 1 with antiLG1 and 1 with antiCASPR2).
Five patients were seizure-free or almost seizure-free at the last post-surgical follow-up visit, and those patients had a diverse array of antineuronal antibodies including LG1 1, VGKC associated to anti GAD 1, anti Hu 1, anti Ma2 1 and anti GAD 1.
"Surgical treatment may improve seizure frequency in some patients with drug-resistant epilepsy associated with antineuronal antibodies. But the small number of cases and the different approaches strongly suggest the need for guidelines to better classify these patients and international registries to study outcomes in larger populations," says author Mar Carreño, M.D., Ph.D., a professor and epileptologist at Hospital Clinic, Barcelona.
